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Petrion in Crusader Assaults and Ottoman Siege
The Fourth Crusade and the Capture of Constantinople in 1203
The Petrion district played a central role in one of the most dramatic episodes of...
The History of the Kerko Porta
The Kerko Porta has an interesting history. When Emperor Frederick Barbarossa was on his way to the Holy Land as part of the Third...
The Suburb Near Cosmidion
The suburb in question was near Cosmidion, which made it easy for the Bulgarians under Crum to attack St. Mamas from their camp near...
The Sixth Military Gate and the Wooden Circus
The next Theodosian gate is located between the last tower of the Outer Wall to the north of the Gate of Charisius and the...
Political Conspiracies and Power Struggles in Ottoman Turkey
The Source of All Conspiracies
All the conspiracies against the Sultan came from within his own circle of people and his immediate attendants. The threats...
Sultan Abdul Hamid II A Ruler Living in Fear
The Sultan's Reputation for Cowardice
Abdul Hamid II, who was the Sultan of Turkey and turned sixty years old in September 1902, had a reputation...
Dividing the Macedonian Population
It’s difficult to say whether a specific Macedonian village is Bulgarian or Greek. The populations are mixed. Some Bulgarians speak Greek, while some Greeks...
The Divided Population of Macedonia
In Macedonia, there is no clear majority group. The population includes Bulgars, Greeks, and Turks, with each group claiming to be the largest. In...
Mahomet Ali’s Legacy in Kavala
There are many signs of Mahomet Ali’s love for his birthplace in Kavala. He rebuilt the large aqueduct, providing water to the entire town...
Evolution of State Treasury and Succession under Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror
The Importance of the Sultan’s Seal
One of the significant provisions in Fatih’s Lawbook pertains to the protection of the Sultan’s seal, indicating the growing...
